In this note we show that for any POWERFUL P-GROUP G, the subgroup Ω, i(G ) is POWERFULly nilpotent for all i,j ,1 when p is an odd prime, and i ,1, j ,2 when p = 2. We provide an example to show why this modi, cation is needed in the case p = 2. Furthermore we obtain a bound on the POWERFUL nilpotency class of Ω, i(G j p j p ).

Brucellosis is a common disease between humans and animals with global distribution and an increasing trend. The control of brucellosis in humans depends on the control of the animal disease. Although there is no approved vaccine for brucellosis in humans, many efforts have been made to develop vaccines with high efficiency and low side effects for animals. Live attenuated vaccines are cheaper and more effective than other vaccines, but they can increase antibiotic resistance, interfere with serological diagnostic tests, and increase virulence in animals. Vaccination of animals with commercially available vaccines may cause disease and, in some cases, have low efficacy.  Vaccines containing recombinant protein or their coding DNA can be suitable alternatives to the conventional vaccines, because they can reduce unwanted side effects. Choosing the suitable antigen that stimulates the immune system is very important in the preparation of these vaccines. In the present study, by observing the new recombinant vaccines that are made based on recombinant proteins and DNA, it has been tried to clarify their strengths and weaknesses and the new perspective of vaccination against brucellosis. There is currently no approved vaccine for brucellosis in humans. In addition, the control of brucellosis in humans depends on the control of the animal disease. This review article searches Google scholar, PubMed, and SID databases for new research on recombinant protein and DNA vaccines against brucellosis until 2021. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of common and new brucellosis vaccines, recombinant and DNA vaccines, after conducting the research stages in large animals, can be a suitable approach to prevent the progress of brucellosis.

Background & Aims: Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a double-stranded circular molecule present in 1,000 to 10,000 copies per cell. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16,569 base-pair molecule was determined in 1981.The aim of this study is to assess polymorphism, the rate of mutation, homoplasy, haplogroups frequency , haplotypes variance and nucleotide diversity in HVS-1 region of mtDNA from a portion of the Iranian ethnic groups.Materials & Methods: In present study, blood samples were randomly obtained from 357 healthy unrelated volunteer according to their place of birth and their information’s records for Persian, Azerbaijanian, Gilaki, Kurdish, Baluchi, Sistain, Turkmen and Arabs. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood following salting out method. Amplification of HVS-1 region was carried out using one set of primers encompassing the HVS-1 region. Automated DNA sequencing was carried out using dye-terminator chemistries, on an automated DNA sequence (ABI 310). The sequences were edited for HVS-1 and aligned with the Cambridge reference sequence by clustalx program. According to mtDNA phylogenetic tree the haplogroups were determined.Findings: A total of 160 polymorphic sites were observed, in 357 HVS-1 templates. The highest homoplasy (similar mutation in individuals) with 40% belongs to Persians and the lowest with 13% was seen in Sistains. The rate of nucleotide diversity in Persian is 0.862 and it is the lowest diversity in all studied ethnic groups. We found that the variance of haplotype in Sistain was the highest with 0.87.The most common haplogroup in Persian, Azerbaijanian, Gilaki, Kurdish, Sistain, was HV and in Baluchi, Turkmen and Arabs were M and N.Conclusion: According to our results, contrary to our initial assumption, since Iran is situated in Asian continent, in Persian, Azerbaijanian, Gilaki, Kurdish, Sistain the haplogroups of western Eurasia were dominant and in Arabs and Baluchi, western Eurasia Haplogroups shows the equal frequency. On the other hand in Turkmen the highest frequency haplogroup belongs to eastern Eurasia. According to variance of mtDNA haplotypes in Iranian ethnic groups specially sistains, application of mtDNA in forensic investigation and identity is an effective tool.